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The Royal Shrovetide Football Match is a "mob football" game played annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England. Shrovetide ball games have been played in England since at least the 12th century from the reign of Henry II (1154–89). The Ashbourne game also known as "hugball" has been played from at least c.1667 although the exact origins of the game are unknown due to a fire at the Royal Shrovetide Committee office in the 1890s which destroyed the earliest records.〔http://mediafiles.thedms.co.uk/Publication/DS/cms/pdf/Trail_25.pdf〕 One of the most popular origin theories suggests the macabre notion that the 'ball' was originally a severed head tossed into the waiting crowd following an execution. Although this may have happened, it is more likely that games such as the Winchelsea Streete Game, reputedly played during the Hundred Years' War with France, were adaptations of an original ball game intended to show contempt for the enemy.〔http://www.winchelsea.net/community/game.htm〕 One of the earliest references to football in the county of Derbyshire comes in a poem called "Burlesque upon the Great Frost" from 1683, written after the English Civil War by Charles Cotton, cousin to Aston Cockayne, Baronet of Ashbourne (1608–84):〔http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/AuthorRecord.php?&method=GET&recordid=32820〕 Shrovetide football played between "Two towns" in Derby is often credited with being the source of the term "local derby". A more widely accepted origin theory is the Epsom Derby horse race. Whatever the origins the "local derby" is now a recognised term for a football game played between local rivals and a Derby is a horse race. A previously unknown tentative link between Royal Shrovetide football and La soule played in Tricot, Picardy was established in 2012 by history and sociology of sport lecturer Laurent Fournier from the Universite de Nantes. Whilst undertaking a study of "folk football", he noticed that the Coat of arms of the Cokayne family (seated in Ashbourne from the 12th century) painted on a 1909 Shrovetide ball displayed in the window of the ''Ashbourne Telegraph'' office contained thee cockerels in its heraldic design. He recognized this matched the emblem of Tricot (also carrying three cockerels) where La soule is played on the first Sunday of Lent and Easter Monday. He was welcomed to Ashbourne by the Royal Shrovetide Committee and was a guest at the Shrovetide luncheon. Research into Royal Shrovetide Football's lost history is ongoing (August 2012). ==History== The concept of the ball game was understood in the Early Middle Ages (600–1066). Writing in the 9th century, Welsh monk and historian Nennius makes reference in his book Historia Brittonum to "the field of Ælecti, in the district of Glevesing, where a party of boys were playing at ball".〔http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LD6h3NHeHxgC&pg=PT65&lpg=PT65&dq=ball+games+played+by+celtic+britons&source=bl&ots=jLZca6mAIf&sig=ZXEuuabEZlcbNrUF7cswSUmTUdE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w7iUUcXvG4KphAf6wIHQDA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBjgU#〕 This account was attributed to a 5th-century source that has not survived. Ball games may have been played throughout the 1st millennium despite a lack of documented evidence. Oral traditions from the West Country and South East Wales assert that the games of Cornish "Hurling to Country"〔http://members.ozemail.com.au/~kevrenor/CelticCornwall_ExploringIdentity.pdf〕 and "Hurling to Goals", Devon "Out-Hurling"〔http://users.senet.com.au/~dewnans/folklore__customs_and_traditions.html〕 and Welsh "Cnapan" played during Christian festivals have more ancient Celtic origins.〔http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA1543&lpg=PA1543&dq=Cornish+Hurling+celtic+origins&source=bl&ots=p-XAchws-K&sig=OeoeL_-VixTs8l1kZQrZWNhFFBA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hU5xUa2-I8XOOIaYgLgJ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Cornish%20Hurling%20celtic%20origins&f=false〕〔http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC&pg=PA66&dq=Cnapan&hl=en&ei=5cxPTaq4PIyxhAemqKH5Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&safe=active&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cnapan&f=false〕〔http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/Britain-home-of-football.html〕 The wooden balls used in these games are only found in regions where Celtic culture is still venerated. These communal events may even have started with prehistoric workers hurling forward carved wooden balls or stone balls Archaeologist's have theorised could have been used to move megaliths in stone circle construction.〔http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/news/college/title_111303_en.html〕 Records from antiquity have survived relating to various ball games played by the Romans, notably Harpastum which contained many elements that feature in the Shrovetide ball game. These influences were available to a Catholic Church Clergy familiar with native customs and educated in Latin when a ball game was introduced to Shrovetide festivities. festivities.〔http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Early_Christian_Britain.htm〕〔http://www.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tools/dictionary.php?regexp=BALL&method=standard〕〔http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/roman-ball-games-in-dalmatia/〕 The earliest recorded Shrovetide ball game comes during the High Middle Ages (1066–1272) from the cleric William Fitzstephen in his description of London ''Descriptio Nobilissimi Civitatis Londoniae'' (c.1174–83). The game he witnessed was played at Carnival, an alternative name for Shrovetide, from the Latin ''Carnilevaria'', a word variant of ''carne levare'' meaning to "leave out meat" an act of abstinence for Lent.〔http://nbu.bg/PUBLIC/IMAGES/File/library/exhibitions/Carnaval_groveartonline.pdf〕 Then as now games were played in the afternoon. His account suggests playing ball at Carnival had been an annual event for at least a generation.〔http://www.classzone.com/books/wh_05_shared/pdf/WHS05_014_395_PS.pdf〕〔http://www.amazon.co.uk/Sports-Pastimes-People-England/dp/1430456647/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1216191602&sr=1-2#reader_1430456647〕
The location given for the "suburbs" was to the north of London. The area described of open fields and rivers is typical of the terrain still used for current games played in Ashbourne and in Workington, Cumbria, where "Uppies and Downies" games take place on Good Friday, Easter Tuesday and Easter Saturday.
Although the names of the schools that participated were not stipulated, a previous reference to St. Paul's, Holy Trinity, Aldgate and St. Martin-le-Grand College indicates these Church schools were integral to celebrating this holy-day.
By the Late Middle Ages (1272–1485) there were many incarnations of the ball game being played at Shrovetide, Eastertide and Christmastide in and around the British Isles. All were played in a similar manner with localized innovations. Some of the other better-understood games, a few of which are still played, include the Ba' game (''ba being an abbreviation of "ball"), the Atherstone Ball Game, the Sedgefield Ball Game, Bottle-kicking (usually with a leather bottle as a substitute for the ball), Caid (an Irish name for various ball games and an animal-skin ball), Camp-ball (late medieval includes "kicking camp"), Football (late medieval), The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers (Masonic ceremonial), Haxey Hood ("Hood" being the name given to a leather tube used instead of a ball), La soule (''soule'' being the name for the ball in northern France), and Scoring the Hales (an alternative name for goals used in Cumbria and the Scottish borders). A contemporary collective term coined for these games is "Mob football".〔 During the early modern period public schools open to the paying public (an alternative to private home education) adopted the ball game as a sports activity.〔http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Fpublic.htm〕 The version they developed was called football and was played using a bladder-inflated ball.〔http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Fcambridge.htm〕〔http://www.cuafc.org/Pages/History.html〕〔http://www.rugbyschool.net/a-history-of-rugby-football〕 Scholars from these schools wrote the first standard codes for football. These inspired the development of modern codes of football, many created by the descendants of emigrants who spread the concept of football around the world.〔http://myobatlas-production-apac.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/3244ef4c2aeb17c03511c93cb43caef0/files/1310261666-History+of+Australian+Rules+Football.pdf〕〔http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kaHyGSmywdcC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=football+at+jamestown+colony&source=bl&ots=1K7teMuE8_&sig=j94eFlEuU3hm3S-pZnweAij5OU4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nc4eUOu0OoHk9ATS14CIBA&safe=active&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=football%20at%20jamestown%20colony&f=false〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Royal Shrovetide Football」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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